Menelik gave away 3 districts away to Italy: Hammassien, Keren and Seraye. Most of Akule Guzay was still under Tigray when Menelik signed the Wuchale Treaty in 1889. Menelik worked with Italy to control power and was against Tigray. Italy was confused and relied on Menelik as a supporter of their aims to colonize East Africa. Menelik himself was engaged in local power struggle as is the case today with Abiy Ahmed Ali.
Thus the current Eritrea is a group of districts taken from Tigray. If peace is to have a chance in The Horn of Africa, Tigray should take back Eritrea and incorporate it under it's administration. We hope the friends of Tigray USA, EU etc will help Tigray in this endavour.
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EthioRedSea
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EthioRedSea
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- Posts: 4089
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Re: Eritrea is taken from Tigray and was a district of Tigray - should be returned to Tigray now as it is anti-Tigrai!
Treaty of friendship and trade between the kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia (Treaty of
Wuchale)
His Majesty King Umberto I of Italy and Menelik His Majesty The King of Kings of Ethiopia, in order to make
meaningful and lasting peace between the two Kingdoms of Italy and Ethiopia have agreed to conclude a treaty of
friendship and commerce .
And His Majesty the King of Italy having delegated as his representative, Count Pietro Antonelli, Commander of
the Crown of Italy, Knight SS. Maurice and Lazarus, his extraordinary posted by His Majesty the King Menelik,
whose full powers were found in good and due form, and His Majesty the King Menelik concluded in his name as
King of Kings of Ethiopia, agreed and concludes the following Articles:
Article 1. There will be perpetual peace and friendship between His Majesty the King of Italy and His
Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia and between their respective heirs, successors, servants and protected
populations.
Article 2. Each Contracting Party shall be represented by a diplomatic agent accredited to the other and may
appoint consuls, agents and consular officers in the other.
Such officials shall enjoy all the privileges and immunities according to the customs of the European governments.
Article 3. To remove any ambiguity about the limits of the territories over which the two Contracting Parties shall
exercise sovereign rights, a special commission composed of two delegates and two Ethiopians will draw on Italian
soil with special signals a permanent boundary line whose strongholds are established as below:
a) the line of the plateau will mark the Ethiopian-Italian border;
b) from the region Arafali Hala, Sagan and Asmara are villages in the Italian border;
c) Adi and Adi Nefas Joannes Bogos will be on the side of the Italian border;
d) by Adi Joannes a straight line extended from east to west will mark the border between Italy and Ethiopia.
Article 4. The monastery of Debra Bizen with all their possessions will remain the property of the Ethiopian
government but will never use it for military purposes.
Article 5. The caravans from or to Massawa to Ethiopian territory pay on one single law of the customs entry of 8
per cent on the value of the goods.
Article 6. The trade of arms and ammunition from or through Massawa to Ethiopia will be free for the only King of
Kings of Ethiopia.
Whenever they want to get the passage of such kinds will make regular application to the Italian authorities, bearing
the royal seal.
The wagons with load of weapons and ammunition will travel under the protection and cover of Italian soldiers
until alconfine Ethiopia.
Article 7. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties will be free to enter, travel, go out with their
merchandise and effects in the other country and will enjoy greater protection of the Government and its
employees.
And, therefore, strictly forbidden to people on both sides armed contractors to meet many or few and pass their
borders in order to impose itself on people and groped by force to provide food and livestock.
Article 8. The Italians in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in Italy or Italian possessions can buy or sell, take or lease and in
any other manner dispose of their property no less than the natives.
Article 9. And fully guaranteed in both states the option for other subjects to practice their religion.
Article 10. Any disputes or quarrels between the Italians in Ethiopia will be defined by the Italian in Massawa or
his delegate.
The fights between Italians and Ethiopians will be defined by the Italian in Massawa or his delegate and a delegate
of the Ethiopian.
Article 11. Dying in an Italian in Ethiopia or an Ethiopian in Italian territory, the local authorities were carefully
kept all his property and held at the disposal of government to which the deceased belonged.
Article 12. In any event, circumstance or for any Italians accused of a crime, they will be judged by the
Italian authorities.
That is why the Ethiopian authorities shall immediately deliver to the Italians authorities in Massawa the
Italians accused of having committed a crime.
They also accused the Ethiopians of crime committed on Italian soil will be judged by the Ethiopian. Article 13. His Majesty the King of Italy and His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia is obliged to deliver
criminals who may have become refugees, to escape punishment by the rulers of one on the other domains.
Article 14. The slave trade was against the principles of the Christian religion, His Majesty the King of Kings
of Ethiopia is committed to prevent it with all his power, so that no caravan of slaves can cross its member.
Article 15. This Treaty shall be valid throughout the Ethiopian Empire.
Article 16. While in the present Treaty, after five years from the date of signature, one of two High Contracting
Parties may wish to introduce some modifications to do so, but he must prevent the other a year earlier, while
remaining firm and every single concession on territory.
Article 17. His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia can use the Government of His Majesty the King of
Italy for all treatments that did business with other powers or governments.
Article 18. If His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia intends to grant special privileges to nationals of third state
to establish businesses and industries in Ethiopia, will always be given, under equal conditions, preference to the
Italians.
Article 19. This treaty being drafted in Italian and Amharic and the two versions agree with each other perfectly,
both texts shall be deemed official, and will in every respect equal faith.
Art 2O. This Treaty shall be ratified.
In witness whereof, Count Pietro Antonelli on behalf of His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the King of
King Menelik of Ethiopia, in his own name, signed and affixed their seal to this Treaty, at the camp Uccialli of 25
miazia 1881 corresponding to May 2, 1889.
Imperial Seal of Ethiopia
For His Majesty the King of Italy Pietro Antonelli
Ratification of MS, Monza, September 29, 1889
Wuchale)
His Majesty King Umberto I of Italy and Menelik His Majesty The King of Kings of Ethiopia, in order to make
meaningful and lasting peace between the two Kingdoms of Italy and Ethiopia have agreed to conclude a treaty of
friendship and commerce .
And His Majesty the King of Italy having delegated as his representative, Count Pietro Antonelli, Commander of
the Crown of Italy, Knight SS. Maurice and Lazarus, his extraordinary posted by His Majesty the King Menelik,
whose full powers were found in good and due form, and His Majesty the King Menelik concluded in his name as
King of Kings of Ethiopia, agreed and concludes the following Articles:
Article 1. There will be perpetual peace and friendship between His Majesty the King of Italy and His
Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia and between their respective heirs, successors, servants and protected
populations.
Article 2. Each Contracting Party shall be represented by a diplomatic agent accredited to the other and may
appoint consuls, agents and consular officers in the other.
Such officials shall enjoy all the privileges and immunities according to the customs of the European governments.
Article 3. To remove any ambiguity about the limits of the territories over which the two Contracting Parties shall
exercise sovereign rights, a special commission composed of two delegates and two Ethiopians will draw on Italian
soil with special signals a permanent boundary line whose strongholds are established as below:
a) the line of the plateau will mark the Ethiopian-Italian border;
b) from the region Arafali Hala, Sagan and Asmara are villages in the Italian border;
c) Adi and Adi Nefas Joannes Bogos will be on the side of the Italian border;
d) by Adi Joannes a straight line extended from east to west will mark the border between Italy and Ethiopia.
Article 4. The monastery of Debra Bizen with all their possessions will remain the property of the Ethiopian
government but will never use it for military purposes.
Article 5. The caravans from or to Massawa to Ethiopian territory pay on one single law of the customs entry of 8
per cent on the value of the goods.
Article 6. The trade of arms and ammunition from or through Massawa to Ethiopia will be free for the only King of
Kings of Ethiopia.
Whenever they want to get the passage of such kinds will make regular application to the Italian authorities, bearing
the royal seal.
The wagons with load of weapons and ammunition will travel under the protection and cover of Italian soldiers
until alconfine Ethiopia.
Article 7. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties will be free to enter, travel, go out with their
merchandise and effects in the other country and will enjoy greater protection of the Government and its
employees.
And, therefore, strictly forbidden to people on both sides armed contractors to meet many or few and pass their
borders in order to impose itself on people and groped by force to provide food and livestock.
Article 8. The Italians in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in Italy or Italian possessions can buy or sell, take or lease and in
any other manner dispose of their property no less than the natives.
Article 9. And fully guaranteed in both states the option for other subjects to practice their religion.
Article 10. Any disputes or quarrels between the Italians in Ethiopia will be defined by the Italian in Massawa or
his delegate.
The fights between Italians and Ethiopians will be defined by the Italian in Massawa or his delegate and a delegate
of the Ethiopian.
Article 11. Dying in an Italian in Ethiopia or an Ethiopian in Italian territory, the local authorities were carefully
kept all his property and held at the disposal of government to which the deceased belonged.
Article 12. In any event, circumstance or for any Italians accused of a crime, they will be judged by the
Italian authorities.
That is why the Ethiopian authorities shall immediately deliver to the Italians authorities in Massawa the
Italians accused of having committed a crime.
They also accused the Ethiopians of crime committed on Italian soil will be judged by the Ethiopian. Article 13. His Majesty the King of Italy and His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia is obliged to deliver
criminals who may have become refugees, to escape punishment by the rulers of one on the other domains.
Article 14. The slave trade was against the principles of the Christian religion, His Majesty the King of Kings
of Ethiopia is committed to prevent it with all his power, so that no caravan of slaves can cross its member.
Article 15. This Treaty shall be valid throughout the Ethiopian Empire.
Article 16. While in the present Treaty, after five years from the date of signature, one of two High Contracting
Parties may wish to introduce some modifications to do so, but he must prevent the other a year earlier, while
remaining firm and every single concession on territory.
Article 17. His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia can use the Government of His Majesty the King of
Italy for all treatments that did business with other powers or governments.
Article 18. If His Majesty the King of Kings of Ethiopia intends to grant special privileges to nationals of third state
to establish businesses and industries in Ethiopia, will always be given, under equal conditions, preference to the
Italians.
Article 19. This treaty being drafted in Italian and Amharic and the two versions agree with each other perfectly,
both texts shall be deemed official, and will in every respect equal faith.
Art 2O. This Treaty shall be ratified.
In witness whereof, Count Pietro Antonelli on behalf of His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the King of
King Menelik of Ethiopia, in his own name, signed and affixed their seal to this Treaty, at the camp Uccialli of 25
miazia 1881 corresponding to May 2, 1889.
Imperial Seal of Ethiopia
For His Majesty the King of Italy Pietro Antonelli
Ratification of MS, Monza, September 29, 1889